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  • Russian prestigious School of Economics opens first master’s programme on circumventing Western sanctions
    Russia’s prestigious Higher School of Economics (HSE) launched what it describes as the country’s first two-year master’s program dedicated to sanctions compliance, according to the university’s website. Officially titled “International Corporate Compliance,” the program includes modules on “identifying and detecting sanctions risks,” Russian media outlet IStories reported on 15 July, citing university materials. The move comes as Western sanctions, imposed after Russia’s invasion of Ukra
     

Russian prestigious School of Economics opens first master’s programme on circumventing Western sanctions

28 juillet 2025 à 07:05

Higher School of Economics russia

Russia’s prestigious Higher School of Economics (HSE) launched what it describes as the country’s first two-year master’s program dedicated to sanctions compliance, according to the university’s website.

Officially titled “International Corporate Compliance,” the program includes modules on “identifying and detecting sanctions risks,” Russian media outlet IStories reported on 15 July, citing university materials.

The move comes as Western sanctions, imposed after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, have contracted Russia’s economy—leading to a drop in GDP, loss of export revenues, and cutting the country from Western technology and finance.

The aim of the clases reportedly is to equip professionals with skills to navigate international restrictions, reflecting a strategic response to prolonged economic isolation and the need for companies to manage sanctions risks effectively. 

The two-year course will focus on international corporate compliance and business ethics, and will be taught in both Russian and English.

The program costs 490,000 rubles (over $6,000) per year with no state-funded places available. Graduates will be positioned to work in state corporations and companies closely cooperating with the government. 

HSE has simultaneously introduced a development course called “Sanctions Compliance.” This training teaches participants to “identify risk zones for secondary sanctions and enforcement measures by foreign and Russian regulators during transactions with Russian and foreign entities, and conduct transaction analysis for sanctions risk,” according to the reports.

Priced at 84,000 rubles ($1,049), the course includes theoretical instruction and real-world case studies and runs for 136 hours of webinars.

A third HSE professional development program focuses on working with crypto assets under sanctions conditions.

Moscow State University’s law faculty has partnered with the National Compliance Association to offer its own sanctions circumvention course for 95,000 rubles (almost $1,200).

Following Vladimir Putin’s decree, MSU is establishing a scientific-educational center for sanctions compliance.

Sanctions compliance courses reportedly were previously taught as mandatory subjects for international law department students at HSE and the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

Sanctions on Russia

The extensive sanctions packages include restrictions targeting energy exports, pipeline transactions, military technologies, and financial institutions’ use of SWIFT, severely impacting Russia’s economic and military sectors. The latest Western sanctions on Russia were imposed by the European Union on July 19, 2025, marking the 18th sanctions package.

By 2025, Western sanctions have had significant effects on Russia’s economy. The sanctions have deprived Russia of at least $450 billion in war funding since February 2022, including $154 billion in lost oil tax revenues caused by discounted export prices and approximately $285 billion in frozen Central Bank foreign reserves held by EU and G7 countries. Additionally, Russia’s oil export revenues have dropped sharply, shrinking by over 25% in early 2023 compared to the previous year, with continuing downward trends through 2025.

Despite the regular introduction of new sanctions, Russia has overcome these restrictions through a combination of strategies. The country reroutes exports to non-Western partners, especially China and India, while utilizing parallel imports and a “shadow fleet” of oil tankers that operate outside official channels. Russia has also built alternative financial networks to circumvent restrictions, developed domestic substitutes for sanctioned goods, and increasingly relies on intermediary countries such as Türkiye, Kazakhstan, and the UAE for imports and financial services.

By using shadow fleets alone, Russia generated about $9.4 billion in additional revenue in 2024 by circumventing price caps and selling oil above the $60 per barrel limit. 
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“Limpet mines are the new sanctions”: Ukraine is targeting Russia’s shadow oil fleet, says former Royal Navy officer

9 juillet 2025 à 14:50

russian-oil-shadow-fleet

A wave of covert explosions striking tankers tied to Russian energy exports appears to be the work of Ukrainian special forces, according to a detailed analysis by Tom Sharpe OBE in The Telegraph. While no official confirmation has been issued, the precision and pattern of the attacks strongly suggest a coordinated sabotage campaign.

“Someone – and bluntly, that someone is the Ukrainian special forces – is making highly effective use of these weapons,” Sharpe writes.


Sanctions, oil, and the shadow fleet

Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the West imposed sweeping sanctions and a $60-per-barrel oil price cap to choke off funding for the war. In response, Moscow has leaned on a vast and opaque “shadow fleet” of aging tankers operating under obscure ownership and dubious flags of convenience. These vessels now carry more than 60% of Russia’s crude exports, helping sustain the oil revenues that fund Putin’s war.

Despite sanctions, the fleet continues to operate, with the US, EU, and UK stepping up enforcement through ship sanctions, port bans, and insurance crackdowns—efforts that so far have had limited effect.


Limpet mines: Targeted maritime sabotage

Military analysts and investigators believe the attacks were carried out using limpet mines, specifically Russian-made BPM-1 or BPM-2 models. These mines are designed to be manually attached to ship hulls by divers or delivered via unmanned underwater systems—tools of precision sabotage, not broad sea denial.

Their use indicates a high level of operational expertise, likely involving rebreather diving, manual or sonar-based navigation, and possibly mini-submersible delivery systems.

BPM limpet mine. Photo: sappers.com.ua

Sixth incident: Eco Wizard explosion in Ust-Luga

The most recent incident occurred on 6 July, when the Eco Wizard tanker was rocked by two explosions while loading ammonia at the Russian port of Ust-Luga. Though not a direct gas shipment, Sharpe notes that “ammonia is made of natural gas,” making it, in effect, a form of energy export.

This marks the sixth such attack this year. Previous explosions targeted tankers near Libya, Italy, Türkiye, and again in Ust-Luga. Many of the affected vessels had previously anchored near Malta and Libya—regions frequently linked to Russia’s shadow fleet operations.


Legal constraints and the grey zone at sea

Western powers have struggled to interdict the shadow fleet due to legal protections under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which enshrines freedom of navigation. Efforts to board or inspect suspect vessels under environmental or flag-related pretexts have had only limited success.

Sharpe also notes that many of these tankers are now accompanied by Russian warships or warplanes, raising the stakes and making direct intervention politically risky.

russian shadow fleet's eagle s remains under arrest damage claims mount tanker off porvoo 30 2024 finnish authorities have issued dual orders over suspected involvement damaging undersea infrastructure helsinki maritime
The Eagle S tanker off Porvoo on 30 December 2024. Screenshot: YLE

Strategic shift in maritime warfare

The suspected use of limpet mines by Ukrainian forces signals a strategic escalation in the maritime dimension of the war. These covert, deniable strikes target the infrastructure sustaining Russia’s war economy—without crossing into open confrontation.

As Sharpe concludes, this is a clear demonstration of “highly effective” unconventional warfare, exploiting vulnerabilities the West has yet to fully address.

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