The leaders of France, Germany and Britain are building parallel diplomatic institutions to defend Europe as President Trump retreats from the continent.
From left: President Emmanuel Macron of France, Prime Minister Keir Starmer of Britain and Chancellor Friedrich Merz of Germany at a summit in Tirana, Albania, in May.
The new treaty includes a pledge by both countries to regard a threat against one as a threat against the other, in the latest sign of European nations uniting amid growing instability.
The Anglo-German accord, signed by Prime Minister Keir Starmer of Britain and Chancellor Friedrich Merz of Germany covers energy, economic cooperation and migration, in addition to defense.
Flattery and pressure — coupled with President Trump’s growing dissatisfaction with President Vladimir V. Putin — have helped build momentum for new economic punishments.
Heidi Reichinnek of the far-left Die Linke party in Chemnitz, Germany, last month. Her social media posts have angered the conservative Christian Democrats of Chancellor Friedrich Merz.
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