The math is brutal: Russia has three times Ukraine’s population and pays soldiers twice as much. Moscow can afford to send wave after wave of troops to die on Ukrainian soil. Ukraine cannot match those numbers.

So Ukraine is building something else entirely—an army where robots handle the dying.

When Russia launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022, Ukrainians across the globe mobilized to defend their homeland. Some picked up weapons, while others contributed with their technical abilities.

Now well in the fourth year of the war, Ukraine’s resilience endures, thanks in large part to its volunteers and tech pioneers racing to out-innovate Russia on the battlefield.

Among them is Lyuba Shipovich, a software engineer and tech entrepreneur who had been running a tech company in New York City. She left the United States and returned to Ukraine in the beginning of the full-scale invasion to join the resistance.

By 2023, she founded Dignitas, a nonprofit dedicated to training soldiers and integrating cutting-edge technologies into Ukraine’s military operations.

“We’re different from traditional charities as we don’t just fundraise and donate gear,” Shipovich said. “We build and test solutions, prove their value, and then advocate for government adoption.”

Why robots matter more than rockets

After nearly three years of grinding warfare, Ukraine faces a stark mathematical reality. Russia’s oil and gas revenues let it offer higher pay to attract new recruits, giving Moscow a significant advantage in replenishing its ranks. Ukraine must turn to technology—as it’s done throughout the war.

But bringing battlefield robots to the front isn’t simple. Resistance remains, particularly among Soviet-trained officers who often struggle to understand or trust these new capabilities.

This is where Shipovich plays an important role. Every month, she travels to brigades across the front, listening to commanders, identifying their pain points, and finding ways to support the deployment of ground robots. Dignitas helps train the army on how to use these technologies, such as ground robots.

“We train the military on tech, provide them with tech, and push for systemic adoption of battlefield innovation,” Shipovich explained.

Dignitas has already spearheaded major initiatives like Victory Drones, which is led by Maria Berlinska, and has helped drone operators scale across Ukraine’s army.

Now, Shipovich is turning her focus to ground robotics—working to ensure Ukraine’s military can rapidly adopt and deploy unmanned ground systems (UGVs) across the frontlines.

Their latest initiative is Victory Robots.

In a June social media post, the project team wrote that Dignitas Ukraine is “building a tech-driven advantage for Ukraine’s defenders” and that “it’s all about giving Ukraine every possible advantage to win—while protecting lives and reducing human losses.”

Ground robots already saving lives

Last month, I had the opportunity to join Shipovich and Stepan Nehoda from Dignitas visiting brigades working on robotics across various fronts. At each base we visited, every commander was eager to speak with her.

“The people we work with love us. Some officers hate us because we push them to do more work,” she said.

I was told that Shipovich can influence the General Staff of the Ukrainian Army and plays a role in shaping planning and resource allocation at the highest levels.

Each robotics unit was quick to show off their homemade battlefield tools and the innovations they had built in garages and workshops. I joined Lyuba on some of these visits and saw firsthand the kind of ingenuity that is helping Ukraine stay in the fight.

Some brigades are better resourced than others. But even those with very limited support are doing impressive work, hacking together solutions on a daily basis to stay operational.

Operators from the 3rd Assault Brigade told me that ground robots are now being used for medical evacuations almost every day. Other units are relying on robots to handle more of the logistical burden, delivering supplies and reducing the risks to human soldiers.

Oleksandr, the Platoon Commander of Ground Robotic Complexes (GRC) with the Antares Battalion of the Rubizh Brigade, described how volunteers are helping Ukraine adapt on the battlefield.

“Volunteers like Dignitas serve as a bridge between tech developers and the military,” he said. “They help rapidly test new solutions, adapt them to real battlefield conditions, and quickly deliver what actually works on the front lines.”

“This isn’t just humanitarian support,” he added. “It’s the real-time development of combat capabilities.”

Oleksandr, known as Ghost, has seen firsthand how ground robotic platforms are reshaping the war.

“Ground robotic platforms are already proving their effectiveness in logistics, evacuation, and fire support,” he said. “Over the next year, their role will only grow. They reduce risks for personnel, automate routine or dangerous tasks, and enhance the overall tactical flexibility of units.”

Ruslan, callsign “Light,” a UGV operator with the Bulava Battalion of Ukraine’s 72nd Mechanized Brigade, said his unit has avoided driver fatalities recently, though some have been wounded.

Before adopting robots, they lost four vehicles in May alone, with several more damaged. Losses have increased as the enemy now targets logistics deeper in the rear, focusing on FPV drone operators as higher-value targets than infantry.

Russian forces use fiber-optic FPV drones to ambush supply routes, hiding until vehicles appear.

“This is no longer science fiction,” said Oleksandr. “It’s a tool of war.”

The first robot-only assault in modern warfare

One recent operation showed just how far the technology has come. In the Kharkiv Oblast, soldiers from the 3rd Assault Brigade carried out a successful mission without a single infantryman on the ground.

Using only FPV drones and ground robots, they attacked enemy positions, destroyed fortifications, and captured Russian soldiers who surrendered to the machines.

The remaining Russian troops were directed toward Ukrainian positions by drones overhead and were then taken prisoner. “This is the first confirmed successful assault in modern warfare conducted exclusively by unmanned platforms,” the 3rd Assault Brigade noted.

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At a recent demonstration of robotic systems near Kyiv, Volodymyr Rovensky, an officer in the Department for the Development of Ground Control Systems for Unmanned Systems under the Land Forces Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, provided a broader view. He noted that 22 combat units are already deploying ground robots.

According to Rovensky, 47% of all missions carried out by these systems involve logistics and evacuation, 25% focus on engineering tasks, 12% are combat operations, and the rest are special tasks. He emphasized that technological superiority will determine the next phase of the war.

“Our primary task,” Rovensky said, “is to provide the army with robotic complexes that can replace the infantry.”

The ultimate goal is to see ground robots deployed at scale across the entire frontline.

Building the future of warfare

Shipovich stated that “the idea that robots can fully replace infantry is both true and false. Today, they cannot, but that should be our goal.” She added, “We must get people out of the trenches and off the front line. Robots can do the dirty, dangerous work.”

“Today, 99% of ground drones in military use are Ukrainian-made,” she said.

“Other countries are studying our approach because what worked in US labs or fields is not viable in war. Ukrainian engineers are creating the future of warfare, not just for Ukraine, but for the world.”

Shipovich isn’t just focused on robots. She spends a lot of time thinking about artificial intelligence and how to apply it more widely across drones on the battlefield and to integrate into the ground robots to make them even more effective.

“Technology is everything,” she told me.

Shipovich envisions a wider technological shield that will protect Ukraine in the future, where drones and ground robots hold the frontline.

What comes after victory

When asked what she plans to do once the war is over, she replied that first, she needs to survive until it ends.

Key developments in Ukraine’s robotic warfare:

• 22 combat units now deploy ground robots regularly
• 47% of robot missions involve logistics and evacuation
• First successful robot-only assault completed in Kharkiv Oblast
• 99% of military ground drones are Ukrainian-made
• Victory Robots initiative aims for frontline-wide deployment

Oleksandr described the transformation: “This is no longer science fiction. It’s a tool of war.”

David Kirichenko

David Kirichenko is a freelance journalist covering Ukraine and Eastern Europe. He can be found on the social media platform X @DVKirichenko.

Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine has produced many surprises, least of which is the defiant resistance Kyiv has mounted for years now. But the war has also sparked a wave of technological innovation, one of the most important being the mass adoption of cheap drones.

While artificial intelligence has played a growing role on the battlefield, over the past year, fiber-optic drones have taken on a more central role.

“This isn’t a traditional war. It’s a war of drones,” said Vladyslav, an electronic warfare specialist serving in the 141st Separate Mechanized Brigade. He added that it’s “a war of technology.” 

Ukraine has leveraged this technological edge masterfully, holding Russia at bay for several years. It has built a “drone wall” – a defensive network of drones that Russia continues to hurl wave after wave of soldiers into, suffering heavy losses in relentless meatgrinder assaults.

By mid-2024, Russia began deploying fiber-optic drones on the battlefield, beginning the process of eroding Kyiv’s technological edge. These drones are connected to operators by fiber-optic cables, making them both unjammable and undetectable to conventional electronic warfare systems.

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Russia weaponizes the unjammable advantage

Fiber-optic drones played a key role in Russia’s successes in the Kursk offensive. The same tactics are now being replicated across the front:

• launching rapid motorcycle-borne assaults
• pressuring Ukrainian flanks
• attempting to encircle defenders
• and using fiber-optic drones to strike at Ukrainian logistics and vehicles.

Ukraine’s Commander-in-Chief, Oleksandr Syrskyi, acknowledged that Russia currently holds the advantage in the fiber-optic drone race “in terms of both quantity and range of application.” It certainly helps Russia from the close relationship they share with China, the world’s leader in fiber optics.

As a result, Kyiv is now scrambling to catch up to Russia’s fiber-optic advantage.

The elite Russian drone unit Rubicon has made very effective use of this technology. Specializing in long-range fiber-optic FPVs, Rubicon has launched deep strikes into Ukrainian rear positions, crippling logistics and command nodes.

Their presence on the Kostiantynivka front has forced Ukrainian brigades to rethink supply routes and drone deployment tactics.

Davyd, callsign “Poliak,” a drone pilot from the 419th Battalion of Unmanned Systems, has witnessed firsthand how Russian forces combine fiber-optic drones with high-speed motorcycle assaults on their positions.

“Out of ten motorcycles, five usually make it through,” he said, describing how standard FPVs first clear entry points before a fiber-optic drone flies directly into dugouts, forcing immediate evacuation.

In one instance, a fiber-optic drone destroyed their shelter after threading its way inside. “Luckily, everyone survived, but once they find you, you have to flee fast,” he said.

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Ukraine adapts under pressure

So far, there are no scalable countermeasures against these fiber-optics.

“Shotguns are fairly effective. Scissors or a knife work great if one flies by and you can spot the fiber cable,” said Heiner Philipp, an engineer with Technology United for Ukraine.

“Higher-tech solutions like AI-powered automated turrets equipped with radar and camera sensors can shoot them down without human intervention, but they’re expensive and they still require people to supply ammo, fuel, and maintenance.”

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has warned that China has begun restricting the export of Mavic drones to the West.

“India and other low-cost jurisdictions are already producing fiber, and we’ve begun buying from them to establish relationships,” Philipp added.

Still, Ukrainian drone pilots are adapting quickly. More and more of Ukraine’s reconnaissance is done via First-Person View (FPVs) now because of fiber-optics and “It’ll be cheaper than making fixed-wing drones,” said Bohdan, a drone operator in the Unmanned Systems Battalion of Ukraine’s 110th Separate Mechanized Brigade.

Fixed-wing systems, he explained, “only see from 300 meters up, at best. More like 500–600 meters usually. It’s hard to detect anything from that high. A fiber-optic drone can film from half a meter above the ground – or 3, or 10, or 100. It’s much easier to find something that way.”

He noted the drones typically have a range of 10 to 20 kilometers, though some other units have reached up to 32 kilometers. “But to do that, you need to fly low and in a straight line to prevent the cable from sagging or snagging on obstacles,” Bohdan explained.

“Fiber-optic drones can’t be jammed or tracked, which gives them a big edge,” he added. “But in winter, the cables can glint with frost, making them more visible. Still, if enough of them are in use, it becomes nearly impossible to trace them back to the operator.”

In response to these battlefield demands, Ukrainian companies like 3DTech have begun producing next-generation fiber drones with ranges up to 30 kilometers, optimized for low-altitude ambush strikes.

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Global logistics impact

Andrii, known as Murphy, from the 419th Battalion of Unmanned Systems, said they survived a close call recently. His team narrowly escaped when an FPV drone targeted their vehicle, managing to abandon it just before impact.

The strike destroyed the car and all their equipment, and afterward, they discovered enemy fiber-optic lines in the area.

As a result of these drone attacks, Ukraine is facing an acute shortage of trucks, pickups, and armored transport vehicles, which are increasingly being destroyed.

Across the front, it’s now common to see Mad Max–style vehicles – improvised trucks reinforced with metal cages to protect against drones.

Volunteer groups and charities have stepped in to supply thousands of replacements, but demand continues to far outpace supply. As a result, Kyiv is becoming more reliant on unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to carry out frontline logistics and resupply missions.

Yevhen, a UGV company commander in the 92nd Assault Brigade, said his team is developing a mobile platform to launch kamikaze drones using fiber-optic links. These links are immune to jamming but vulnerable to being severed by other drones crossing their path.

To reduce that risk, most systems now combine fiber with a radio backup to ensure reliability.

Technology spreads beyond Ukraine

The reach of fiber-optic drone warfare is also expanding beyond Ukraine. Reportedly for the first time in Mali, the use of fiber-optic FPV drones was observed by the Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), which is fighting against both the Malian government and the Russian African Corps. In Myanmar, rebels from the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) reportedly used a fiber-optic FPV drone to down a Mi-17 helicopter.

Sometimes, the most practical solutions such as the use of fiber-optics prove to be the most effective. The technological race on Ukraine’s battlefields is advancing rapidly, and militaries around the world are paying close attention.

David Kirichenko

David Kirichenko is a freelance journalist covering Ukraine and Eastern Europe. He can be found on the social media platform X @DVKirichenko.

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A patchwork of Ukrainian drone units is dug in along a battered stretch of the Donetsk front, near the border with Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Russian assaults have intensified in recent months as Moscow pushes to widen the battlefield and sap Ukrainian defenses.

From makeshift bunkers and trenches, drone operators now work around the clock to fend off infantry advances and fast-moving motorcycle charges.

Precision jamming from underground dugouts

Deep inside a narrow dugout, Vladyslav – known by his callsign “Vitamin” from the 141st Separate Mechanized Brigade – monitors the generator powering an electronic warfare system known as “Damba,” designed to disrupt incoming enemy drones.

“This device is used against [First-Person View] FPV drones,” he explains. “When a Russian drone is flying, the guys in the RPU intercept its frequencies and take over control. They switch on Damba and jam it.”

Vladyslav, who transferred to this position in March after serving with the 87th Battalion, now monitors and maintains the Damba system.

“My task is to make sure it’s running. If there’s a failure, they message me in the chat. I’ll go reset it or check if a branch hit the antenna.”

The system, he adds, isn’t overly complicated to manage, but it’s essential.

“The work isn’t hard, but it’s necessary. At minimum, it takes two people. You can’t be here alone.”

Above ground, in camouflaged bunkers nearby, a small crew sits behind computer monitors, mapping the skies.

“They adjust the altitude, intercept the video feed, and calculate the direction. One handles the video, another tracks location, and a third jams the signal,” says Vladyslav.

Typically, the system targets FPV drones flying at altitudes of around 150 meters. “They set it to 160, and that’s it. It hits them.”

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Frequency coordination and tactical risks

But even as they jam Russian drones, they must tread carefully to avoid interfering with their own. “Our drone guys ask us not to touch certain frequencies. They’re flying too. We leave those untouched.” When properly coordinated, electronic warfare systems like Damba won’t disrupt Ukraine’s own drone flights.

“You can’t jam everything at once – it only works on certain frequency bands,” explains Lyuba Shipovich, CEO of Dignitas Ukraine.

Still, there’s a risk. “The Russians might see which frequencies we’re not touching and guess where the system is placed,” he admits. “But Damba can hit from 200 meters to 2 or 3 kilometers away. It’s designed so they can’t pinpoint where it is.”

The team is operating from a fresh position with newly deployed equipment. “These are two new Dambas. We’ve never been at this spot before,” he says. “This is our fifth day here.”

Building Ukraine’s 1,500-kilometer electronic warfare wall

They are just one node in a far larger web of electronic warfare tools that Ukraine is racing to deploy across the front. One Kyiv-based firm, Kvertus, is working to create a 1,500-kilometer “drone wall” made up of thousands of detectors and jammers.

Known as Atlas, the system would offer a unified battlefield picture and the ability to jam incoming FPV drones at scale.

The company’s Mirage jammers were designed after operational experience with foreign systems showed limitations. Each unit can disrupt signals from 0 to 6,000 MHz and can run for up to 20 hours. Importantly, they operate autonomously and don’t require soldiers to manually activate the jamming.

“Too many people have died like that,” says Serhii Skoryk, a former officer who now helps lead Kvertus. “Even the smallest drones can fly at 80 miles per hour, so every minute counts.”

The constant cat-and-mouse frequency game

But building a wall of jammers is only half the battle. “It’s a constant cat-and-mouse game,” says Shipovich. Frequencies on the battlefield are not static. “They can change within a single day. If the enemy sees that a frequency range like 5.2 GHz isn’t jammed, they’ll start using it.”

Even within a single frequency band, there are thousands of combinations to account for and power matters. “If your radio signal is stronger than the jammer’s, it can still overcome interference,” she adds.

“Both sides are trying to build an EW wall,” Shipovich says, “but it’s not a literal wall, it’s a contested network of jammers that must constantly evolve to survive.”

Ukrainian units are also combining jamming with direct attacks.

“We’ve had missions where fiber-optic drones were used to strike targets after deploying EW beacons,” said Bohdan, also known as “Bandera,” a drone pilot from the Unmanned Systems Battalion of Ukraine’s 110th Separate Mechanized Brigade.

From camouflage specialist to electronic warfare operator

For Vladyslav, the enemy threat remains constant on the front. “Same strikes, same shelling,” he says with a shrug. “It’s not scary anymore. I’ve gotten used to it.”

His first deployment in early 2024 was much different. Back then, he was part of an engineering battalion working in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. “I was a camouflage specialist. It was the scariest time,” he recalls. “There were no bunkers, nowhere to hide. We just ran.”

One time, he says, he got caught in barbed wire and couldn’t free himself. “I had to cut myself loose with medical scissors. Sliced up my pants.”

Now the nature of war has changed.

“This isn’t a traditional war. It’s a war of drones,” he says. “A war of technology.”

Drones are everywhere, and soldiers like Vladyslav can’t sleep without the background noise of explosions. “I can’t fall asleep if it’s quiet,” he admits. “When I went back home for a few days, I couldn’t sleep the first night.”

What scares him most isn’t what he sees. It’s what he doesn’t.

“The worst sound is the one I don’t know where it’s coming from. If I’m in a bunker and can’t tell where the danger is, that’s when it’s scary.”

Tanks are terrifying in their own right, he adds, but in a different way. “You don’t hear the shot. You only hear the impact. You don’t know when it’s coming.”

He laughs about it now, but only half-seriously. “I’m not scared when our tank is working. That’s fun. But then it leaves. And the Russians don’t know it’s gone. So they fire back.”

As the interview wraps up, the system beeps. “There, it activated,” he says, pointing to the Damba. “They’ve set the altitude. That means a drone is either in the air or about to be.”

Then, calmly, he adds, “It’s being jammed already.”

David Kirichenko

David Kirichenko is a freelance journalist covering Ukraine and Eastern Europe. He can be found on the social media platform X @DVKirichenko.

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