Less than a third of eligible voters turned out for a poll that would have made it easier for foreigners to become citizens, and strengthened labor rights.
A referendum on Sunday and Monday will give Italians the chance to loosen citizenship laws for immigrants. But it is not clear enough voters will turn out.
A banner promoting the referendum on citizenship in Milan on Wednesday. Turnout must exceed 50 percent for the referendum to count; a majority is required for passage.